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Chapter 8 - Organic Soilless Media Components

作者

W.R.Carlile, MichaelRaviv, M.Prasad

名稱(期刊/節目)

Soilless Culture (Second Edition) Theory and Practice

期刊期數/節目集數

Pages 303-378

出版單位

ELSEVIER

出版年月日

2019

原文摘要

Soilless culture of plants in containers involves a restricted root system and a reduced root zone volume when compared with soil-based production. While details related to this are covered in Chapter 2, Soilless Production Agriculture, and Chapter 14, Growing Plants in Soilless Culture: Operational Conclusions, it is important here to note that under these conditions the physical and chemical properties of the growing medium must be such as to provide adequate storage of water and nutrients for the plant whilst maintaining good aeration. Historically, materials such as locally available soils were used to grow plants in pots and containers. Often, organic materials such as manures and composts were used to supplement the inorganic base materials, improving water retention and airspace as well as offering nutritional benefits. Many formulations of combinations of soils with organic materials, notably peat and manures, are reported in the 19th century articles in magazines and elsewhere (Anon, 1874), and even a few reports exist of growing media containing exclusively organic materials (Anon, 1830). The scientific studies of Lawrence and Newell (1939) in England on development of standardized growing media of consistent pH, absence of pathogens, pest and weeds, and without nutritional imbalances (the so-called John Innes composts) recommended the inclusion of 25% organic matter in the form of moss (sphagnum) peat. However, their media required the acquisition and sterilization of good-quality loam soil, and difficulties in obtaining such loam and cost of its sterilization led to its popularity declining among professional growers post-1950. In the United States during the 1950s, growing media principally based on peat were developed at the University of California (Baker, 1957). Further studies in Germany (Penningsfeld and Kurzmann, 1966) and Ireland (Woods and Kenny, 1968) showed that peat alone could form the basis of growing media. Peat use in horticultural growing media then expanded rapidly. In the early part of the 21st century, growing media used commercially in many parts of the world are prepared mainly from peat along with other organic materials: the major exceptions being mineral wool substrates used for glasshouse crops such as tomatoes, cucumbers, and pepper.

原文摘要簡述

在容器中離土栽培與土壤栽培的植物相比,其植物受限於根部系統以及根部的發展區域減少。 相關詳細內容在第2章「無土栽培農業」和第14章「在無土栽培中生長植物:操作理論」中進行了論述,在此值得注意的是在這些條件下,培養基質的物理和化學特性必須提供植物所需的充足水分和養分,同時保持良好的通風。 歷史記載中,一些利用當地可作為土壤的材料,被用來種植植物在盆和容器中。一般而言,會使用有機質(例如肥料和堆肥)來補充無機質,改善其保水度和透氣性,使其更有效地提供養分。在19世紀雜誌文章和其他地方紀錄很多土壤配方是結合泥炭土和糞肥等有機質,甚至有少部分的文獻中出現僅含有有機物的生長介質。在英國Lawrence和Newell (1939)的科學實驗中,研發出標準化生長培養基,具有pH值恆定,無病原體,無病蟲害、無雜草以及無營養不平均的問題,並建議在泥炭土中添加25%有機質(被稱為John Innes堆肥)。然而,介質業者要求的高品質消毒沃土,由於難以提供這樣的沃土及其殺菌成本,導致1950年後期,專業栽培業者使用普及性下降。 1950年代,美國加州大學研發以泥炭土為主的生長介質。在園藝生長介質中,泥炭土被廣泛地使用。 在21世紀初期,生長介質在許多國家被用在商業用途,其主要成分以泥炭土及其他有機質組成:主要的例外是用於溫室作物的礦棉基材,例如番茄,黃瓜和胡椒。

關鍵字

Growing media; Usage; Peat; Peat Sods; Coir; Wood fibre; Rice Hulls; Bark; Sawdust; Whole Tree Substrate; Biochar; Compost; Anaerobic Digestates; Degree of Decomposition; Physical Properties; Macromolecular Structure; Air Content; Pore Space; Available Water; Bulk Density; Particle Size; Chemical Properties; pH; Electrical Conductivity; Cation Exchange Capacity; Nutrient Content; Nitrogen Immobilisation; Lignin; Biological Properties; Stability; Composting Process; Plant Growth; Pathogen survival in compost; Disease Suppression; Root Disease; Soil Borne Disease; Environmental Impacts; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Life Cycle Analysis; Sphagnum Farming; Economic and social sustainability; End of Life

連結

https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63696-6.00008-6

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